Every action of assassination and terrorism are liable to be criticized strongly. Development Goals of UN reports as a major stumbling block to the all-round development of humanity. But rather terroristactivities do not take birth in some day. Such these activities are the result of a strong ideology which considersterror activities as legal and just on one hand and promotes them through various Media particularity viacreed onthe other hand. Wahabismis one of such an important ideology in this text. Nowadays many strategic and geopoliticalanalysts are busy to know how the ideology of Wahabism is helping in promoting the global terrorism. The ideology ofWahabism is directly promoted by Saudi Arabia’s government as the said country is a place of birth of this ideology as wellas the founder of this ideology ‘Muhammad binAbdal-Wahhab’. This ideology has promoted a feeling of intolerance for otherreligions which has led to large scale violence and deaths of countless innocent people of countries of Middle East Asiaparticularly Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Chechnya region of Russia, Afghanistan, India, Somalia, Nigeria, Libya etc.In thisarticle an attempt is made to know the role of Wahabism in the rise of international horror and terrorism. What werethe causes behind the rise of this ideology? How this ideology is spreading in different parts of the globe? What would be thegeopolitical effects of spread of this strategy? Recently, what type of measures are required to be taken as well as nowtaken by different countries to face Wahhabi and its associated Jihadist Ideologies?

Keywords: Terrorism, Humanity, Ideology, Media, Violence and Jihadist.

Preface

The ideology of Wahabism, which was once first introduced in early years of 8th century, was given a new opportunity of life and revived by ShaykhMuhammad bnAbd al-Wahab. This ideology was later spread by Saudi dynasty in Saudi Arabia. Such ideology of Wahabism rejects otherreligious sects,religions and claims that the opponents of their belief must either accept Wahabidoctrine or pay tribute. Theloyals of Wahabismtake into consideration and accuse their opponents of polytheism and blasphemy and consider their property,honor and lives legitimate for themselves. Having such rigid and closed thoughts, Wahabis destroyed the holy buildings of‘Maqbarat al-Baqi’ and artifacts of the family and associates of the ‘Prophet’ following the dominance of Saudi’s over Meccaand Medina in 1344 A.H. The barbaric and fanatical behavior of Taliban in the fields of politics, governance and diplomacy inAfghanistan and destruction of many important manuscripts in ‘Ahmad Baba Institute’ and many other ancient and uniquebuildings by Islamist rebels of ‘Ansaral-Dine’ group in Mali, Africa, is the true example of their attitudes. The formation andbeliefs of Wahabismare always rejected by ulama of various Islamic sects. Even ‘Ulemas’ have also criticizedthem regarding their approach towards religious issues. It is also said that Wahabis have paved the way for enemies ofIslam. They have fought many destructive wars in alliance with colonial states of Britain and Americaand thus they turned to source of arrogance in the Muslim world. The ideology of Wahabism has its birth in Saudi Arabia,and America and Saudi Arabia have had a long-standing political, economic and military alliance. America is always serious aboutprotection of the ruling family of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Despite the fact that the Hejaz is governed by anIslamic fundamentalist religious ideology, Wahabism and repressive authoritarian kingdom, U.S. has always given primeWahhabism and Global Terrorismimportance to it while considering U.S.A’s interests in the Middle East and Asia. Many scholars have accused this ideology of“deviat[ing] from [Islam’s] core notions of tolerance, and moderation”1.

This has been primarily made possible by ‘Petrodollars’ and the purchasing power that the SaudiArabia has its disposal. This has given the Saudi monarchy the ability to form a strong friendship with U.S. and other Westernallies.But a sharp turn has come in Saudi-U.S. and other Western European allies relationship after September 11, 2001 terrorattacks on World Trade Centre in U.S.A. and later on terror attacks in London. These events raised serious questions aboutthe role of Saudi government and their Wahhabi ideology in terrorism associated with earlier Al-Qa’idah and later on itssplinter groups like Islamic State in Iraq, Ansaral-Dine in Mali, Al Shabab in Somalia & Kenya, and also many terrorgroups working against India in Jammu & Kashmir. The terror attacks on U.S.A. and U.K. has shifted the attention of globalmilitary and strategic planners over Saudi Arabia because 15 out of 19 hijackers that attacked the World Trade Centre inU.S.A. including Usama bin Laden and other global ‘Jihadists’, also participated and fought in Bosnia, Chechnya, Afghanistanand Iraq. A majority of these terrorists were Saudi nationals.The Wahabism has generated great interest and debate among academic and defense policy experts. Some people said that it iscentral to the growth of Islamist violence and Jihad while others insist it as a rigid ideology with non-liberal beliefs but notdirectly linked to violence and Jihadism. Another group of scholars which adopts middle way says Wahabism is an assisting factor but not the sole factor in violent Islamist extremism.Therefore, in this present paper an attempt is made to determine the role of Wahabism and Saudi government in therise of international terrorism. There is also an attempt made to know whether Wahhabism is a contributing factor in the spread ofviolent radicalization in the Muslim world and what are the causal mechanisms linking Wahabism to violence?

Aims of the Research

1. Understanding the meaning of Wahabism and its historical background and status quo.
2. The Role of Wahabism in the spread of violence and terrorism in Muslim as well as other parts of the world.
3. The Role of Superpowers in the spread of Wahhabi ideology.
4. Suggesting some necessary measures to counter and neutralize the ill-effects of such ideologies on our present daysociety.

Methodology

This paper has used information obtained from various sources including articles from newspapers, magazines, internetand numerous books and research papers.

The Background of Research

The land of Hijaz is a place of birth of the ideology of Wahabism. Consequently, it is our main background of study but effects of thisideology on human society will be studied at global level.

The Background onWahabism

“Wahhabism” generally refers to a movement that seek to purify the Islamic religion of any innovations orpractices that deviate from the seventh-century teaching of the prophet Muhammad and his companions.”2 In the West, theterm has been used mainly to denote the form of Islam practiced in Saudi Arabia and which has spread recently in variouspart of the world. In most of the Muslim nations, however, believers who adhere to this creed, prefer to call themselves as‘Unitarians’ (in Arabic it is ’Muwahiddun’) or” Salafiyyun” (singular - Salafi, noun - Salafiyya). The later term Salafiyyah hasbeen derived from word ‘Salaf’ which means to ‘follow’, a reference to the followers and companions of theProphet. Some Muslim scholars believe that western world has used the term ‘Wahabism’ unfairly which carries negativeand derogatory connotations. The main difference between these two terms is that the Wahabism is in association with a

‘Conservative Islamic Creed’ which is centered in and emanating from Saudi Arabia whereas Salafiyyah is a more generalIslamic movement that has developed independently in various sites in the Muslim world.

History of Wahabism: - It is a puritical form of Sunni Islam and is practiced in Saudi Arabia and Qatar. The word ‘Wahabi’ isderived from the name of a Muslim scholar, ‘Muhammad bin Abdal-Wahab’ (1703-1791AD). He was frustrated by the moraldecline of his society. As a result of which he denounced many popular beliefs and practices as idolatrous. He encouragedpeople to return to the pure and orthodox practices of the fundamentals of Islam as embodied in the holy Qur’an and in thelife of Prophet Muhammad. “In 18th century, ‘Muhammad bin Saud’, the founder of modern – day Saudi dynasty, partneredwith Abdel-Wahhab to begin the process of unifying disparate tribes in Arabian Peninsula. Since the foundation of modernSaudi Arabia in 1932 Ad, there has been a close relationship between Saudi ruling family and the Wahhabi religious establishments.”3Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia Today: - “With the establishment of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Wahhabism gained new groundand was used as official basis for determining laws and conducts in Saudi society. Wahhabism is the basis for such practicesas segregation of sexes, the prohibition of the sale and consumption of alcohol, ban on women driving and a host of otherrestrictions. Wahabism has also shaped the Saudi educational structure, and the Saudi school books generally denounceteachings that do not conform to Wahabist beliefs.”4

Wahhabism opposes most popular religious practices such as veneration of saints, celebration of the birthday of ProphetMuhammad and practices associated with Sufism. According to the US state Department’s 2005 ‘International ReligiousFreedom Report’ on Saudi Arabia, “Inspite of many efforts made by senior Saudi government officials to promote religioustolerance towards other religions and steps to remove some intolerant material from textbooks, not much success has beenachieved. Still members of Shiite Muslim minority and other non-Islamic religious minorities suffer political and economicdiscrimination.Non-Muslim groups are not allowed of freedom of worship whether public or private.”

The Factors that Encourage Wahabism

Though there are a number of factors responsible for encouragement of Wahhabism but here we will discuss only importantones. These are as follows:

1. Traditional Causes: - Abd al-Wahab was very much angry to see the moral decline of Muslim society of his country.
2. Colonialism: - The Turks of Ottoman Empire had under them a vast area of western Asia, Northern Africa and some partsof Europe under their control. But after their decisive defeat in Vienna started the process of slow but steady decline ofthis empire. Eying on many territories of this empire, the British started to undermine the unity of Ottoman Empire. TheBritish, through their Masonic agent sought to destroy the Ottoman Empire from within, by pitting against their ownbrothers in Islam, the Arabs of Peninsula.
3. The Atrocities Against Muslims in Different Parts of the World:-Atrocities against Muslims community in different parts of theworld such as Palestinian Arabs in Gaza & West Bank, Chechen Muslims in Russia, etc. have further given strength to this Wahabi ideology because its principles are very much liked by the Jihadistsfighting in these areas. Wahabists are generously providing money for these terror groups so that these groups canpurchase much needed weapons and continue their struggle against their respective governmentsof different countries.
4. Radicalization of Western World: - The preachers of Wahhabism and Islamic Jihad has not confined the achievement oftheir aims within the Muslim world; they want to expand it at world level. So, their targets are western Europeancountries and US. But due to their inability to fight with these mighty powers militarily, they have divided their workbetween militants and more moderate sounding clerics appointed as Imams. Militants work for the destruction of U.S.and its allied western European powers whereas moderate clerics try to brainwash the Muslims of these countries. Therecent involvement of many British Muslim nationals and U.S. nationals in terror activities of Islamic state in Iraq and Syriaand their involvement in many suicide attacks in Middle East shows that many of people in western world are influencedby Wahhabi ideology. The promotion of this ideology is equally funded either directly or indirectly by the Saudis and someother Gulf countries.
5. Instruments of Propaganda: - Following are the main sources of propaganda used generally by the proponents ofWahhabism.

(i) Satellite Channels: - Satellite channels are often used by the proponents of Wahhabism. For example ‘Vesal’, ‘Noor’,

and ‘Safa” are the satellite channels used by radical Wahhabis in Southern Iran to promote ethnic divide among

Shias and Sunnis. It is important to mention that programs of these channels are completely under the control of

ruling Saudi family. (Jafari, 2007.P.98).

(ii) Internet Websites and Social Network Sites: - Many internet websites and social networking sites are also used topromote Wahhabi ideology. Quoting ‘Ayatollah’, JafariSobhani, HusseiniQazvini writes: “based on most recent

information, 40000 Wahhabi websites are working against Shias.” (Qazvini, 2007, P.43).

(iii) Publishing Books: - Wahhabis make their efforts to publish and disseminate books, studies and researches

promoting their ideology and sect.

(iv) Promoting Ethnicity: - They also promote ethnic issues to attract people particularly the youth in their fold.

(v) Exploiting Poor and Hungry People: - We all know that a hungry man is an angry man. These evil minded people

attract the poor and hungry people by giving them lure of money and power. Once they trapped they are brain

washed and included in the cadre of terrorists.

The Role of Superpowers  and Semi-powers in promotion of Wahabism

Among superpowers of the world, mainly Great Britain and U.S.A, for their personal interest against their rivals have usedto promote and support the Wahhabi ideology.In the second half of 19th century, British imperialism discovered the house of ‘Al Saud’ as a potentially useful ally in itsattempt to gain influence in the Middle East and undermine the Ottoman Empire. Riyadh was invaded by Ottoman Sultan in1818AD.The Al Saud returned to power in 1823AD. Later on British helped the Al Saud to establish a base in its protectorate ofKuwait, in order to reconquer, at that time ruled by the pro – Ottoman ‘Al Rashid’ dynasty. Then, the UK became the first country to recognize new Saudi Arabia as an independent state, establishing itscurrent borders in 1932 AD. In 1927AD, a treaty was also signed between The Crown Prince and Saudi Monarchy known as‘Treaty of Friendship and Good understanding. ‘The chief aim of Britain was to secure the one link of chain passing from SuezCanal, Egypt to India.

The U.S. interests in Saudi Arabia were earlier confined to use the vast oil reserves of this country. But the period of coldwar saw a massive support to this ideologyA German database showing the channeling of the money and weapons, provided by ISI officer Mohammad Yusuf in hisbook: Afghanistan – The Bear Trap: The Defeat of a Superpowerand its promoters by U.S.A. This was period of struggle for world domination between U.S.A. and former Soviet Union Here themain aim of U.S.A. to support the so called ‘Mujahideen’ in Afghanistan was to give Russia (then U.S.S.R) its Vietnam. Theinvolvement in the matters of Afghanistan and sending its troops against well trained Talibani and Mujaheed soldiers gave asevere blow to the U.S.S.R. which later on became another cause of its disintegration.Another example of U.S. support to the Wahhabis can be seen in ‘Syria’ where the secular, multi-ethnic and multi-faithsociety is being targeted by these very same forces, as well as reactionary regimes such as GCC and Turkey as well. Here, thepurpose of U.S. involvement is, first to isolate Iran and then once again target Russia.Russia while on the other hand is helping Syria and its ruler Bashr-al Asad to avoid any loss of her own ground in the MiddleEast. It is so because if the Asad’s regime fall in Syria and Iran become isolated then surly, Wahhabis will turn their attentionmore deeply towards too soft and vulnerable Muslim populated areas of Russia such as Chechnya.

The Role of Saudi Arabia in Promotion of Wahabism

The land of Saudi Arabia is a chief proponent of this ideology as Wahabism has taken its birth here. Many scholars of geopolitics anddefenceanalyists held Saudi Arabia and its ruling elite`s support to Wahabism as responsible for the present day terroristviolence in various parts of the world. Over more than two decades, Saudi Arabia has spent around $100 billion or more onworldwide promotion of the violent, intolerant and crudely Wahabist sect of Islam.Starting in late 1980’s Saudi Arabia began dispatching Wahabist clerics and radical preachers to Chechnya. The spread ofWahabism resulted in not only a separatist war against Russia but also a good deal of violence among Muslims.In 2003, a ‘United States Senate Committee on Terrorism’ bore testimony that in previous 20 years Saudi Arabia has spent$87 billion on promoting Wahabism. This includes financing 210 Islamic centers, 1500 mosques, 202 colleges and 2000 schools. This money smothers the voices of moderate Muslims and poison flows in to entire Muslim communityworldwide.Geopolitically speaking, Saudis want their domination in Middle East where Iran, Iraq, Syria as well as Lebanon are thecountries where religious ideologies are not inconformity with Saudi Arabia. Therefore Saudi Wahhabis have poured millionsof dollars to arm and incite the Sunni insurgents of Iraq and generated a terrorist movement which today has assumed theshape of Islamic State or IS (former ISIS). In Syria also, they are arming the anti-Assad regime to topple the presentgovernment.

GEOPOLITICAL EFFECTS OF WAHHABISM

Due to sponsorship by oil rich Saudi State, the rigid ideology of Wahhabism is rapidly spreading in various parts of theworld. Many scholars are worried about the consequences of the spread of this rigid and intolerant ideology. Some of itspossible geopolitical effects are as follow.’

1. Increase in Mutual Hatred within Islam: - Wahhabi ideology is intolerant towards other sects of Islam such as Shias, Sufis,Yazidis, and Ahmadiyas etc. The brutalkillings of Yazidis in Iraq by Islamic State terrorist forces recently and atrocities against Shias and Ahmadiyas in Pakistan is an example of how Wahhabism is encouraging mutual hatred towardscoreligionists in Islam.
2. Increase in Hatred towards Other Religions: - Wahhabism encourages hatred towards other religions such as

Christianism, Judaism, Hinduism and Buddhism. The Talibanian acts of destroying ancient Buddhist structures in

Afghanistan, hatred towards Jews etc. are the examples that Wahhabism has encouraged worldwide hatred towardsother religions .This will have dangerous impacts on world.

3. Increase in Discrimination against Ethnic Minorities: - Wahhabism is very intolerant regarding ethnic minorities. Its rapidspread will surely deteriorate the condition of ethnic minorities either living in Muslim states of Middle East or in any partof the world. For example the mass killing of Yazidis, a tiny religious minority of Iraq by Islamic state (former ISIS) militantsgives us a burning example of discrimination against ethnic minorities.
4. Encouragement to Widespread Violence: - Another geopolitical effect will be increase in terrorist violence supported bythis ideology to force a government to bend according to their demands will be encouraged. The widespread violence inChechnya is due to popularity of Wahabist ideology among the Muslim youth of that region under Russia. They declaredan armed struggle against Russia to attain independence and establish an Islamic State there.
5. Birth of a Number of Terror Organizations: - Influenced by Wahhabi ideology, a number of Islamic terrorist organizationshave emerged & will continue to have emerge until a full stop is not placed on this large scale expansion of this ideology.Some examples of terrorist organizations are Al-Qaida, Islamic Jihad, Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), Taliban, Tehrik -I-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), Jamat-Ud-Dawa (JUD), Ansar Dine, Al Shabab,Boko Haram etc. are all influenced by WahhabiIdeology.
6. Threat to The Existence of Nations:- Many countries, where there is a sizable number of minority Muslim population,may face a challenge of breaking away. For example the rapid spread of Wahhabism in Chechnya has led to an armedstruggle between Russians and Islamic terror groups of Chechnya. Similarly, the rapid spread of this ideology, is heldWahabism and Global Terrorismresponsible by China for its ethnic unrest in its western province of Xinjiang inhabited by ethnic ‘Uyghur’ Muslim minoritypopulation.

Ways to Counter Terrorism generated by Wahabism

There has been a deceive shift in the thinking of nations in the world, towards the Wahhabist ideology and its relatedterrorist activities, after 9/11, attack of terrorists on U.S.A. Countering terrorism as well as to stop the expansion of Wahhabiideology has become a first priority of nations to ensure the security to their population. Thus, the intelligence and thesecurity systems of countries of the world must consider following measures in order to expand fundamental capacities ofnational security before offences of Wahhabi sect and its associated terrorism:

1. To Address and Eliminate Soft Threats of the Cyber Space: There should be proper strategic management of soft

security. Modern technology should be applied for raising the security index of cyber space. The main part of propagationof Wahhabi ideas is done through cyber space. Therefore, strict actions should be taken against such internet sites,satellite channels and other Medias of cyber space which display the ideas of Wahhabi sects. A strict ban should beimposed on them.

2. Compiling a Table of Risks of Terrorist Organizations Affiliated to Wahhabi Movement: - The intelligence, security,military and police authorities of nations should first prepare a list of sectarian terrorist organizations of their respectivecountries. After this, they should analyze what possible harms these sectarian terrorist outfits can do. After a carefulanalysis of these organizations, the weak points of governments own security systems should be removed and strictcounter actions should be taken against the activities of such organizations.
3. Studying the Causes behind the Spread of Wahhabi Ideology in a Country: - Governments as well as security system ofcountries worldwide first study the real causes behind the rapid spread of Wahhabism in their countries. After a carefulstudy of these causes, efforts should be made to eliminate, those causes. For example, if unemployment is a main causeof youth joining Wahhabi sponsored terrorism in a country, then the government of that country should generateemployment facilities and self-employment guarantee programs so that youth of all sections of society can be protectedfrom indulging in anti-social activities.
4. Plug the Sources of Funding to the Terror Organizations: - Government of all the countries should first identify fundsources of the Wahhabi influenced terror organizations then fund sources should be banned so that no financial aidshould reach to the terror organization. This move will hurt terrorist organizations badly.
5. Strengthening the Feeling of Unity in Diversity: - Governments of countries should consolidate the feelings of cultural aswell as communal harmony among their countrymen. If people of a country have these strong feelings in their mind thensuch ideologies cannot break the unity of a country.
6. Turning a National Strategy in to a Coalition Strategy: - Countries should join together in international efforts to

eliminate terrorism and defeat all such ideologies which encourage mutual hatred and incite a man to murder his fellowmen without any guilty. Therefore ‘a joint war’ against Wahhabi ideology sponsored terrorism should be launched’ toeliminate it from this world and save millions of precious human lives.

7. Immigration Laws and Its Enforcement Should be Strict: - Those immigrated organizations as well as individuals who arecaught promoting Wahhabi ideology should be immediately banned, their visas should be cancelled and they must beprosecuted as per the law of land of that country where they are caught. In this context there should be an internationaltreaty among the nations.

CONCLUSION

The act of terrorism in any of its from whether small of large is condemnable and those ideologies which encourageterrorist activities are too equally condemnable. No religion teaches to show cruelties in the poor and weaker sections ofsociety. But when religious teachings are interpreted & exploited in such a way that they serve the vested purposes of aparticular section of a society and render others i.e. weaker and minor section of society from their basic rights, then clashesbetween followers of different ideologies or thinking emerge. Similarly, the vested interests of British colonialism forcedBritain to support the al-Wahhab’s ideology and along with this just like Britain, the United State of America’s personalinterests in Middle East Asia also compelled U.S. to support Saudi sponsored Wahhabi ideology to teach former U.S.S.R, alesson and to defeat the ideology of communism through Mujahidin in Afghanistan. But these two superpowers`unawareness and blind support to this ideology is now inversely hurting them. Now these two superpowers are also sufferingfrom terrorist attacks in their own countries. To kill an innocent is a biggest sin considered by all religions. Therefore, theneed of hour is that all nations of the world should unite together to fights against this evil of terrorism generated byWahhabism. Such ideologies should not be allowed to popularize among the masses. Finally, the kingdom of Saudi Arabiashould introspect itself and must realize that to support such an intolerant and rigid ideology may hurt them badly one day.In the end, it can be said that Wahhabist ideology is a huge threat to the existence or integrity of nations of the world.Therefore, all efforts should be made to discourage its spread in a nation particularly among the minority communities.

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Compiled and researched by: SayyidBaqir Husayni